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James Bolivar Manson
James Bolivar Manson (26 June 1879 in London – 3 July 1945 in London)〔("James Bolivar Manson" ), Tate collection online, material from Mary Chamot, Dennis Farr and Martin Butlin, ''The Modern British Paintings, Drawings and Sculpture, London 1964, II''. Retrieved 18 December 2007.〕 was an artist and worked at the Tate gallery for 25 years, being its Director 1930–1938. In the Tate's own evaluation he was the "least successful" of their Directors.〔("Archive journeys: Tate history" ), Tate gallery online. Retrieved 19 December 2007.〕 His time there was frustrated by his stymied ambition as a painter and he declined into alcoholism, culminating in a drunken outburst at an official dinner in Paris.〔Spalding, Frances (1998). ''The Tate: A History'', pp. 62–70. Tate Gallery Publishing, London. ISBN 1-85437-231-9.〕 Although his art policies were more advanced than previously at the Tate and embraced Impressionism, he stopped short of accepting newer artistic movements like Surrealism and German Expressionism, thus earning the scorn of critics such as Douglas Cooper.〔 He retired on the grounds of ill health and resumed his career as a flower painter until his death.〔
==Early life==
James Bolivar Manson was born at 65 Appach Road, Brixton, London, to Margaret Emily (née Deering) and James Alexander Manson, who was the first literary editor of the ''Daily Chronicle'', an editor for Cassell & Co Ltd and of the ''Makers of British Art'' series for Walter Scott Publishing Co..〔Buckman, David (1973), ''James Bolivar Manson'', p. 7, Maltzahn Gallery Ltd, London.〕 Manson's middle name was after Simón Bolívar.〔 His grandfather was also named James Bolivar Manson.〔Marriage Certificate of James Alexander Manson and Margaret Emily Deering (his parents) gives James Alexander Manson's father's name as James Bolivar Manson. Certificate dated 10 December 1875〕 He had an older sister, Margaret Esther Manson, a younger sister, Rhoda Mary Manson, and three younger brothers, Charles Deering Manson, Robert Graham Manson (a musician and composer) and Magnus Murray Manson.〔1901 Census (London) RGB/492 p35〕
At the age of 16, he left Alleyn's School, Dulwich, and, in the face of his father's opposition to painting as a career, became an office boy with the publisher George Newnes, and then a bank clerk, a job he loathed and lightened with bird imitations and practical jokes.〔 In the meantime he determinedly studied painting at Heatherley School of Fine Art from 1890〔 and then Lambeth School of Art, and was encouraged by Lilian Beatrice Laugher, a violinist who had studied with Joachim in Berlin and was staying in the household,〔Buckman, David (1973), pp. 8–9〕 which by that time was at 7 Ardbeg Road, Herne Hill, London.〔1901 Census (London). Laugher is listed as a boarder at the Manson family home and with the profession of "teacher of violin". The Census gives Manson's age as 21 and Laugher as 28.〕
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